The architecture of Hawraman, a mountainous region in western Iran, stands as a remarkable example of traditional design, showcasing the ingenious interplay between humanity, nature, and local culture. Located across the provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah, Hawraman was inscribed as Iran’s 26th UNESCO World Heritage site in 2021. The most distinctive feature of its architecture is the stepped structure of its villages, built into the steep slopes of the Zagros Mountains. Known as the "Thousand Masulehs," this style ensures that the roof of each house serves as the courtyard of the one above, creating a cohesive and visually striking landscape. This design is not only aesthetically captivating but also reflects an adaptation to the region’s challenging topography.
A key technique in Hawraman’s architecture is the "dry-stone" method, where stones are meticulously stacked without mortar. Developed due to scarce resources and the need for earthquake-resistant structures, this approach ensures durability and stability. Materials such as local stone, regional timber, and occasionally bamboo are sourced from the surrounding environment. This choice reduces costs, preserves Hawraman’s cultural and visual identity, and minimizes the environmental impact of construction.
Houses in Hawraman are typically two stories, tailored to the residents’ daily lives. The lower level is often used for livestock, storage of agricultural goods, or small workshops, while the upper level is reserved for living quarters. This layout demonstrates a deep understanding of both livelihood and climatic needs. Large windows and skylights bring in natural light, while thick stone walls act as thermal insulation—retaining heat in the cold winters and keeping interiors cool during warm summers. Small verandas and terraces allow residents to enjoy the natural scenery and maintain a close connection with their environment.
The terraced gardens surrounding the villages form an integral part of Hawraman’s cultural landscape. Designed for cultivating crops like pomegranates, walnuts, and grapes, these gardens not only support the local economy but also enhance the region’s beauty and ecological balance. This harmonious blend of architecture and agriculture makes Hawraman a rare example of coexistence between humans and nature.
Rooted in a philosophy of simplicity and sustainability, Hawraman’s architecture avoids unnecessary embellishments, focusing instead on functionality and environmental harmony. This minimalist style, aligned with the Hawrami people’s culture and history, imbues the structures with a timeless quality. However, the advent of modernity and shifting lifestyles threaten this heritage. Ongoing restoration and preservation efforts aim to safeguard this historical and cultural treasure for future generations. Beyond its technical brilliance, Hawraman’s architecture tells a story of life, resilience, and the identity of a people who have thrived in the heart of the mountains.